Net costs of class-size reduction: the portuguese case
Keywords:
Educational policies, Class size, Costs, PortugalAbstract
This article aims to promote further reflection on the benefits derived from class-size reduction, seeking to demonstrate that the expenditures resulting from this are usually overestimated when they are determined on the basis of gross employee cost to the State, and not taking into account the corresponding net costs. This scholarly exercise takes into account the Portuguese case and the costs of a teacher in the public education system in Portugal. This work intends to contribute to a better understanding of this subject, raising awareness of different educational actors of the relationship between cost and direct and indirect benefits of a class-size reduction policy.
Downloads
References
BANCO DE PORTUGAL. Estatísticas do Banco de Portugal: indicadores económicos. Disponível em: https://www.bportugal.pt/indicadores?mlid=1042. Acesso em: 1 mar. 2018.
BARDIN, Laurence. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2009.
BECKER, Gary. Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
BLATCHFORD, Peter; CHAN, Kam; GALTON, Maurice; LAI, Kwok; LEE, Chi. Class size eastern and western perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2016.
BOGDAN, Robert; BIKLEN, Sari. Investigação qualitativa em educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto: Porto, 1994.
CAPUCHA, Luís; CABRITO, Belmiro; CARVALHO, Helena; SEBASTIÃO, João; MARTINS, Susana da Cruz; CAPUCHA, Ana Rita; ROLDÃO, Cristina; TAVARES, Inês; MUCHARREIRA, Pedro Ribeiro. A dimensão das turmas no sistema educativo português. Lisboa: Ministério da Educação, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/comunicacao/documento?i=a-dimensao-das-turmas-no-sistema-educativo-portugues. Acesso em: 29 dez. 2017.
CHINGOS, Matthew. The impact of a universal class-size reduction policy: evidence from Florida’s statewide mandate. Economics of Education Review, n. 31, p. 543-562, 2012.
DIÁRIO DA REPÚBLICA. Despacho Normativo n. 13765/2004. Disponível em: https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/3118423/details/normal?q=13765%2F2004. Acesso em: 4 abr. 2018.
FARCHY, Joëlle; SAGOT-DUVAUROUX, Dominique. L’économie des politiques culturelles. Paris: PUF, 1994.
FINN, Jeremy; ACHILLES, Charles. Tennessee’s Class Size Study: Findings, Implications, Misconceptions. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, v. 21, n. 2, p. 97-109, 1999.
HANUSHEK, Eric. Assessing the effects of school resources on student performance: an update. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis Summer, v. 19, n. 2, p. 141-164, 1997.
HARFITT, Gary James. Class size reduction: key insights from secondary school classrooms. Singapore: Springer, 2015.
JEPSEN, Christopher; RIVKIN, Steven. Class size reduction and student achievement: the potential tradeoff between teacher quality and class size. Journal of Human Resources, v. 44, n. 1, p. 223-250, 2009.
KRUEGER, Alan. Experimental estimates of education production functions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, v. 114, n. 2, p. 497-532, 1999.
KRUEGER, Alan. Economic considerations and class size. Economic Journal, n. 113, p. 34-63, 2003.
MUCHARREIRA, Pedro Ribeiro; ANTUNES, Marina Godinho. Os efeitos das variáveis macroeconómicas no desempenho das organizações: evidência das pequenas e médias empresas em Portugal. Contabilidade & Gestão − Portuguese Journal of Accounting and Management – Revista Científica da Ordem dos Contabilistas Certificados, n. 17, p. 113-143, 2015.
NORMORE, Anthony; ILON, Lynn. Cost-effective school inputs is class size reduction the best educational expenditure for Florida? Educational Policy, v. 20, n. 2, p. 429-454, 2006.
PORDATA. Estatísticas de Portugal. Disponível em: https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal. Acesso em: 22 fev. 2018.
PORTUGAL. Conselho Nacional de Educação. Organização escolar: as turmas. Lisboa: Conselho Nacional de Educação, 2016.
PORTUGAL. Ministério da Educação. Estatísticas da DGEEC. Disponível em: http://www.dgeec.mec.pt/np4/home. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2018.
PSACHAROPOULOS, George. Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Development, v. 22, n. 9, p. 1325-1343, 1994.
PSACHAROPOULOS, George; PATRINOS, Harry Anthony. Returns to investment in education: a further update. Education Economics, v. 12, n. 2, p. 111-134, 2004.
SANT’OVAIA, Carlos; REIS, Rui Lopes. Retorno fiscal do investimento público na educação: caso do ensino secundário. Economia & Empresa, n. 8, p. 118-153, 2008.
SCHULTZ, Theodore. Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, v. 51, n. 1, p. 1-17, 1961.
SERVE. Financing class size reduction. Greensboro, N.C: University of North Carolina School of Education, 2005.
WEALE, Martin. Externalities from education. In: HAHN, Frank (ed.). Recent developments in the economics of education. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1992.
WHITEHURST, Grover; CHINGOS, Matthew. Class size: what research says and what it means for state policy. Washington, D.C.: Brown Center on Education Policy, 2011.
WOLFE, Barbara. External benefits of education. In: CARNOY, Martin (ed.). International encyclopedia of economics of education. Cambridge: Pergamon, 1995. p. 159-163.
WOLFE, Barbara; HAVEMAN, Robert. Accounting for the social and non-market benefits of education. Wisconsin: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2001.
WOLFE, Barbara; ZUVEKAS, Samuel. Non-market Outcomes of Schooling. International Journal of Education Research, n. 27, p. 491-502, 1997.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Cadernos de Pesquisa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the paper simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution license that allows the sharing of the paper with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the paper published in this journal (for example publishing in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their paper on-line (for example in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any moment before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase the impact and citation of the published paper (See The Effect of Open Access).